The World Health Organization's (WHO) Road Safety Report states that 25 fatalities per 100,000 people in
Malaysia were caused by traffic accidents [1]. Additionally, from 2010 (RM5.94 billion loss) to 2014 (RM6.77
billion loss annually), Malaysia lost an average of RM6.45 billion due to these catastrophes [2]. In addition, the
death toll from traffic accidents affects society's financial and emotional costs [3].
Road accidents are caused by a number of variables, including inexperience, lack of ability, and risk-taking
behaviors [4]. According to W. Vanlaar and G. Yannis, the situational cues that influence driver behavior
include the vehicle (such as size, brakes, and stability), the road (such as geometry, surface, and junctions), and
the traffic (such as volume, speed, and gaps) [5]. The car is equipped with an advanced safety vehicle
technology to improve road safety. A passive vehicle safety system (PVSS) and an active vehicle safety system
(AVSS) make up this safety system. Airbags and seat belts are examples of PVSS that may lessen impact and
minimize occupant injuries. However, by providing warning signs and even maneuvering the car if the driver
ignores the warning, the AVSS, like the advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), may avert collisions [6].